New Terms - Kingdom Animalia - Invertebrates

invertebrates - 	animals without a backbone - includes: jellyfish, sea stars, worms,
insects, clams, and more.
vertebrates - 		animals with a backbone - includes: fish, mammals, birds, and others
Porifera - 		the sponges, characterized by having no symmetry or organs and have
specialized collar cells.
Cnidaria - 		sea anemones and jellyfish, have two different body forms: medusa and
polyp
radial symmetry - 	defined as having body parts equally arranged regularly around a central
axis - sort of like the spokes on a bicycle.
bilateral symmetry - 	used to describe those animals, where if divided down the middle,
would have a right and a left half that would be mirror images of each
other.
nematocysts - 	cells that are responsible for defense and capturing in the jellyfish and
sea anemones, by stinging and stunning the prey.
polyp - 		the body form in cnidarians that is tube-like and attached to some form
of substrate.
medusa - 		the bell-shaped form of cnidarians
Platyhelminthes - 	the flatworms and tapeworms, first phylum to show cephalization; have
no coelom.
cephalization - 	term that describes that one end of an animal is the head
Nematoda - 		the roundworms; have a cuticle covering and are scavengers.
pseudocoel - 		false coelom
Annelida - 		the earthworms and leeches; first phylum to show segmentation; have
excretory devices called nephridia, and a water based hydrostatic
skeleton.
coelom - 		the main body cavity of most animals with three layers, it is also filled
with fluid-filled space between the inner and outer layers.
nephridia - 		funnel-shaped excretory devices found in most every segment of the
annelids to remove water and waste.
hydrostatic skeleton - water based skeleton providing shape and support to the annelids
Mollusca - 		snails, clams, and squid; characterized by a mantle, some type of
modified foot, and bilateral symmetry.
mantle - 		a fold of tissue that is draped around the soft fleshy body of the animal. 
gastropods - 		snails and slugs; literally stomach foot; feed with radula.
bivalves - 		clams, scallops, oysters; flattened shells in two halves; are filter-feeders
cephalopods - 	squid, octopus, nautilus; literally ”head foot“; many move by jet
propulsion; have large well developed eyes.
Arthropoda - 		spiders, crabs, insects; literally ”jointed foot“; many go through a
 process called metamorphosis.
exoskeleton - 		an external body skeleton that provides protection and support
antennae - 		sensory organs located on the head of arthropods
trachea - 		branching networks that are attached to the spiracles and are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body of arthropods.
spiracles - 		microscopic holes in the bodies of arthropods that open and close to
regulate air flow and water loss in arthropods.
arachnids - 		the spiders, scorpions, and ticks; characterized by book lungs for
respiration.
crustaceans - 		shrimps, crabs, lobster; able to regenerate lost or damaged appendages
insects - 		beetles, bees, grasshoppers, roaches; have special excretory organs
called Malpighian tubules.
metamorphosis - 	process by which a larval form changes into an adult; typically seen in
butterflies that were caterpillars in their larval state.
molting - 		growth process in arthropods that involves shedding the old, smaller exoskeleton and secreting a new, larger exoskeleton.
Echinodermata - 	sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars; literally ”spiny skin“; noted for the
water vascular system.
endoskeleton - 	internal support skeleton found in the echinoderms
water vascular system - system of canals in echinoderms that contain fluid which is supplied
to the tube feet for feeding and movement.
Chordata - 		phylum characterized by animals that have a notochord, nerve cord,
pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail that extends beyond the anus in some
point of its development.
notochord - 		long rod of stiffened tissue that helps support the body.
nerve cord - 		runs parallel to the notochord and develops into the brain and spinal
cord.
pharyngeal gill slits - paired organs that are used for respiration, feeding, or both.
Urochordata - 	the sea quirts, the invertebrate chordates
chelicerae - 		specialized appendages in the form of claws in some arthropods.
compound eye - 	an eye made up of many small eyes, like those seen in the insects.
Malpighian tubules - excretory devices in arthropods
ganglia - 		bundles of nerve found along the ventral nerve chord in some
arthropods.
mandibles - 		in arthropods they are a pair of specialized appendages that form part of
the mouth and are used for crushing food.